Spain (the Kingdom of Spain)

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Geopolitical profile

Geopolitical position:

Position on the geopolitical map:

Rimland. Now predominantly Continentalist geopolitical orientation.

Geopolitical balance:

A flexible approach to the “Eurasianist – Atlanticist”.

Main geopolitical allies:

Members of the NATO and of the European Union (especially France, Andorra, and Portugal); Sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean and Latin America, the Middle East;Thailand and Indonesia (main allies in the ASEAN region).

Opponents:

United Kingdom, Morocco.

Neutrality:

Russia; Australia and Oceania; Canada; East, South and Central Asia.

Sphere of national interest.:

Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Europe, North Africa, Latin America.

International disputes:

Despite strict law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of illicit drugs for distribution to the European market.
Spain’s commitment to NATO is its financial contribution (the seventh largest contributor) and participation in operations that it carries out. In 2003 José María Aznar, the former Prime Minister of Spain, supported the US in war against Iraq.
11 March 2004: a local Islamist terrorist group inspired by Al-Qaeda carried out the largest terrorist attack in Spanish history when they killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 others by bombing commuter trains in Madrid. Aznarrushed to blame the Basque separatists in the organization of the attack despite the lack of evidence.
September 2015: the coalition of regional separatists won in the elections to the regional parliament. (62 places out of 135). In November, the parliament of Catalonia accepted the resolution of independence of Catalonia from Spain (according to the resolution, within 18 months Catalonia will secede from Spain, during this 18 months the necessary government structures of a new state will be created in Catalonia and a new constitution will be written).
May 2016: NATO accused the Spanish government of betraying the interests of the military-political bloc. Madrid allowed Russian Navy vessels to refuel in Ceuta (about 30 kilometers from Gibraltar).
October 2016: Russian vesselswill not be stopping for fuel at a Spanish port because NATO had lashed out at the Madrid when the Spanish authorities allowed the Russian Navy ships to enter Spanish ports.
November 2016: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spainrequested clarification from Israel due to the fact that its agriculture minister gave Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev a Spanish-made drone which may contain technology not meant to be shared.

Territorial disputes:

Dispute over Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations. Spain claims Gibraltar, a 6-square-kilometre Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. In 2002 Gibraltar residents rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty.
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters.
Spain and Morocco claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island).
Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz.

Ethnosociology:

Ethnical structure:

Composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types.

Religious structure:

Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%.

Languages:

Euskera

Ethnical identity:

Languages: Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Valld'Aran) along with Catalan; <5,000 speakers).

Political Ideology:

Political schema :

Spain is a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary monarch. The head of the executive is the Prime Minister.Spain has a multi-party system at both the national and regional level. Regional parties are strong in autonomous communities Catalonia and the Basque Country.

Nationally dominant political parties are:
People's Party (PP) — mainstream centre-right party
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) — mainstream centre-left social democratic party linked to General Union of Workers trade union
United We Can (Unidos Podemos, UP) — a republican left-wing electoral alliance
Citizens (Ciudadanos) — a centrist, business-friendly party.

Geoeconomy:

Economical descriprtion:

The Spanish economy is the fifth largest in the European Union, and the fourth largest in the Eurozone, based on nominal GDP statistics. Traditionally Spain is an agricultural country, is also one of the largest manufacturers of Western Europe.

Spain has strong innovations, such as renewable energy, biotechnology, transportation and technology industries, small and medium-sized enterprises. The problems of the Spanish economy are low labor participation and inflation.

The most important sectors of Spain’s economy in 2015 were wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation, and food services (24.5%), public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities (18.7%), and industry (17.0%).

Export goods: machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods
Main export partners: France 15.7%, Germany 11%, Italy 7.4%, UK 7.4%, Portugal 7.1%, US 4.5% (2015)
Import goods: machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Main import partners:Germany 14.4%, France 11.7%, China 7.1%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.9% (2015).

Geostrategy:

Geostrategy description:

When General Francisco Franco died in 1975, Spain had embarked on the restoration of democracy. Franco statues and memorials have been removed from public places. On the 30th of May 1982, Spain joined NATO. Spain wanted a guarantee of its territorial integrity fromNATO by protecting it from possible foreign expansionism, principally from Morocco, which had ambitions to conquer two Spanish cities in North Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. The Spanish Government feared potential offensive posturing by two other North African countries, Algeria and Libya.

Spain joined the European Economic Communityin 1986. On January 1st 2002, Spain fully adopted the Euro.

Spain’s mountainous terrain has led to the emergence of regionalist and separatist movements, especially in Catalonia and the Basque Country. Spain’s geopolitical challenge is to bring about a truly united nation with a balance of power between the central government in Madrid and the autonomous regions.

Transnational organizations:

Transnational description:

The United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and etc.

National profile

Geography:

Total boundaries:

1952.70km

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Spain (the Kingdom of Spain)

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