China And The Hybrid Fontier in Cyberspace

On August 5, 2024, China launched 18 satellites into low-Earth orbit using a Long March 6A launch rocket. This was the first launch of the G60 project, which is being implemented by Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology in cooperation with the Shanghai Municipal Government, aimed at providing high-speed internet access by 2025 and global coverage by 2027.

That said , G60 (China launched the world‘s first 6G test satellite in January) is just one of three mega–constellations of satellites that China plans to unfold, along with the Guowang project implemented by the state-owned China Satellite Services company and the Honghu–3 constellation implemented by the Shanghai Lanjian Hongqing Technology Company. These constellations provide the infrastructure to support China‘s growing commercial space sector, including its satellite Internet initiatives, which are developing rapidly.

In May 2024, China began providing the first trial of alow-Orbit satellite Internet broadband communication services abroad (Thailand), and in June, the Chinese company OneLinQ launched China‘s first civilian domestic satellite Internet service, indicating that it would extend to countries that joined the Chinese One Belt, One Road initiative.

In this respect, China‘s strategic goals are more ambitious than just satellite Internet services.

Satellite orbits are mainly divided into three types: Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low– Earth orbit (LEO). Compared to the other two categories, LEO satellites have a number of advantages, including proximity to Earth, minimal transmission delay, low line losses and flexible launch capabilities. They are an integral component of a future integrated network covering airspace, space and the sea.

China is engaged in the coordinated development of GEO, MEO and LEO satellites to create an integrated Space–Earth information network, where satellite communication systems will interact with ground-based information communication systems. This is provided for in the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China, released by the the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

It is obvious that the Chinese space Internet will compete in the commercial satellite Internet market with Elon Musk‘s SpaceX Starlink, that is, in fact, with the United States. But since the West formally supports competition as an element of the capitalist liberal system, there are other political reasons for China to criticize its projects.

In the West, in particular the United States, such successes of China are called nothing but digital authoritarianism, which the Chinese Communist Party spreads through the Belt and Road Initiative and bilateral ties with various countries.

It is not the first year that there have been speculations of “human rights violations“ in China in the sphere of the Internet. China‘s opponents have already stated that if satellite Internet services are launched, the world could “witness the emergence of a new digital iron curtain extending from space, dividing the free flow of information and establishing state control on a global scale.“

Ultimately, it is also said that the Chinese authorities can potentially gain access to any data transmitted through Chinese satellite Internet services.

In fact, China‘s approach to Internet governance is based on the concept of cyber sovereignty. Russia also shares these principles, according to which every state has the right to manage its digital space, including restrictions and censorship. But China has managed to achieve genuine autonomy in creating a national Internet architecture, which has been dubbed nothing less than the Great Chinese Firewall.

Because of this, as well as the inability to control the Chinese digital market, in the West they fall into violent hysteria, coming up with all sorts of false narratives and conspiracy theories.

At the same time, the importance of controlling outer space is well understood there.

On August 26, Donald Trump, during a speech at the annual conference of the National Guard Association in Detroit, promised to create the Space National Guard, because, in his opinion, “the time has come to create the Space National Guard as the main combat reserve of the US Space Forces.“

Here, Trump is clearly playing along with the Guard and gaining electoral points, since the Biden administration proposed combining about 1,000 National Guard troops from space–oriented units into Space Forces on active duty. The idea was to create a flexible system that would allow security personnel to switch from full-time or part-time jobs. The plan was rejected by both the leadership of the Guard and the governors of all 50 states and five territories of the United States.

It should be recalled that it was under Trump that the Space Forces were created in 2019, and a bill to create the National Space Guard was previously proposed this year, although there is no consensus in Congress on this issue. One of the authors of the bill was Senator Marco Rubio, Republican of Florida.

In addition, Donald Trump recently announced that he could give Elon Musk the authority to audit US agencies. Interestingly, Tesla received subsidies from Joe Biden‘s government for the electric vehicle project, but projects such as SpaceX‘s Starlink, which are related to Musk‘s space business, are likely to benefit from new federal contracts, as the Republican Party platform calls for increased investment in satellites and accelerated space exploration towards Mars.

However, despite the successes of SpaceX and the optimistic rhetoric of Donald Trump, not everything is so smooth in the United States in the space sector.

The problems that have arisen with the Starliner spacecraft, due to which two American astronauts will have to stay on the ISS for many months instead of the planned week, suggests that NASA, as well as the main contractor in the field of aerospace in the United States, Boeing (here we should recall other problems with aircraft), has a serious crisis.

Although there are supporters of cooperation with China in the field of space exploration in the United States. Apparently, they are among those who understand that America is losing the space race with China.

And technologically and geopolitically, all this speaks to the ongoing struggle for a hybrid frontier in space and cyberspace.

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